Erythema is redness of the skin caused by capillary congestion. It can be caused by infection, massage, electrical treatments, acne medication, allergies, exercise or solar radiation (sunburn), and waxing and plucking of the hairs any of which can cause the capillaries to dilate, resulting in redness. Erythema is a common side effect of radiotherapy treatment due to patient exposure to ionizing radiation.
Erythema usually resolves itself 3-6 weeks after an event, either internal or external to the body, that initiates a hypersensitivity reaction in subcutaneous fat. EN is frequently associated with fever, malaise, and joint pain and inflammation. It presents as tender red nodules on the shins that are smooth and shiny. The nodules may occur anywhere there is fat under the skin, including the thighs, arms, trunk, face, and neck. The nodules are 1-5 cm in diameter, and individual nodules may coalesce to form large areas of hardened skin.
Erythema multiforme is a type of hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction that occurs in response to medications, infections, or illness. Medications associated with erythema multiforme include sulfonamides, penicillins, barbiturates, and phenytoin. Associated infections include herpes simplex and mycoplasma infections. The exact cause is unknown. The disorder is believed to involve damage to the blood vessels of the skin with subsequent damage to skin tissues. Approximately 90% of erythema multiforme cases are associated with herpes simplex or mycoplasma infections.
Erythema nodosum is initially managed by identifying and treating any underlying condition present. Simultaneously, treatment is directed toward the inflamed skin from the erythema nodosum. Treatments for erythema nodosum include antiinflammatory drugs, and cortisone by mouth or injection. Colchicine is sometime used effectively to reduce inflammation. Treatment must be customized for the particular patient and conditions present.
Erythema multiforme is a short-lasting skin condition that occurs as a reaction to an infection or medication. Erythema multiforme mostly affects young adults but may occur in children or older people. It causes a characteristic rash and often blisters in the mouth and elsewhere. It is sometimes called erythema multiforme minor to distinguish it from a related but more serious condition, Stevens Johnson syndrome, which is sometimes known as erythema multiforme major.
There are many causes of erythema nodosum. The most common cause of erythema nodosum is medications, especially sulfa drugs and some brands of the oral contraceptive pill. Apart from drugs, infections are the largest cause of erythema nodosum, including Strep throat, TB and others. The skin lesions of erythema nodosum are quite characteristic, nonetheless, they need to be differentiated from other conditions with similar symptoms. These include insect bites, bruising, pancreatitis and phlebitis. A biopsy is usually done, along with a blood test and a chest x-ray.
Erythema multiforme (EM) is an acute, self-limiting, inflammatory skin eruption. The rash is made of spots that are red welts, sometimes with purple or blistered areas in the center. It often also affects the mouth, eyes and other moist surfaces. Erythema multiforme has been so named because of the "multiple forms" it appears in; there is a large degree of variety in its clinical presentation. This variation has led to EM being divided into two overlapping subgroups (EM minor and Stevens-Johnson syndrome). These are different faces of the same disease.
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